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# Phrygian Monuments: Monuments of Phrygia with images and brief information.

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## Posts
- [Kocagür Phrygian Inscription](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/kocagur/): Inscription HP-02:A 3-line Old Phrygian inscription on a stone block was found in 2011 in the center of Kocagür village, which is 14 km from the ancient city of Parion on the south coast of the Marmara Sea. It is so far the westernmost found Old Phrygian inscription. The left and upper parts of the stone are broken. The inscription is neatly written in three lines as boustrophedon. Although the Old Phrygian alphabet was used, it is not certain that the writing is Phrygian. 
- [Daskyleion Phrygian Inscriptions](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/daskyleion/): Inscription B-06:The marble funerary stele with the inscription was found in Daskyleion in a tumulus (Kösemtuğ) dating from the 4th century. It was reused as the door threshold of the burial chamber. An unknown section of the stele is cut off at the top, and a round hole was dug to accommodate the door pivot. There is a 4-line Old Phrygian inscription that is partially visible due to this damage. It is estimated that the inscription dates to the first half of the 6th century BCE. All lines are written sinistroverse. The stone is currently in the Bursa Archaeology Museum.
- [Ankara](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/ankara/): Ancient writer Pausanias, who lived in the 2nd century BCE, claims that the city of Ankara was founded by the Phrygian King Midas. Although the identity of Midas mentioned here is controversial, archaeological research in Ankara supports that the city was founded during the Phrygian period. In terms of the number of tumuli found, Ankara is the second largest Phrygian settlement after Gordion. Thus, it must have been one of the most important Phrygian cities. A great majority of the orthostats and steles shown on this page were found in the immediate vicinity of these tumuli and likely to have been a part of the structures related to the tumuli. All finds are in the Anatolian Civilizations Museum in Ankara.
- [Vezirhan Phrygian Inscription](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/vezirhan/): Inscription B-05:It is an inscription on a Greco-Persian-style limestone stele found in two pieces in the Sangarios valley near the Vezirhan district of Bilecik. The 1.5-meter-high stele has three separate reliefs on the upper part. At the top is the relief of a female bust with open arms on both sides. There is a bird on each arm and a lion below each arm. On account of these animals, it is believed that the relief represents the mother goddess Matar. Below this is the relief of a dining scene depicting standing and sitting people. The third relief shows a horse rider in a boar hunt. Below the reliefs there is a 13-line Old Phrygian inscription. This text is surrounded by a more carelessly engraved 7-line Greek inscription, thought to have been added afterwards. All lines of the Old Phrygian inscription are written sinistroverse, while the Greek inscription is dextroverse. It is dated to the 5th century BCE. The stele is in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum. 
- [Alacahöyük Phrygian Inscriptions](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/alacahoyuk/): Alacahöyük, better known for the presence of the Hittites, is also a Phrygian settlement. The Old Phrygian inscriptions found in this area were engraved on block stones (P-01, P-02, P-04), a slab (P-03), a lion sculpture (P-05), and a rock-altar (P-06, see Kalehisar). Most of the inscriptions contains an Assyrian name Kanutî. All of them are tentatively dated to the Middle Phrygian period.
- [Gerede Phrygian Inscription](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/gerede/): Inscription B-02The inscription is on a Greco-Persian style funerary stele found near Birinciafşar village (old name is Afşarıevvel) of Gerede in the province of Bolu. There is a relief of a mounted rider on the stele, and just next to the relief is the inscription that is written vertically and dextroverse. The stele is in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum.
- [Fıranlar Phrygian Inscription](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/firanlar/): Inscription B-03It is on a rectangular block found in 1976 reused as a building material in the Fıranlar village of Bilecik Pazaryeri. On the narrow front side are the two lines of a dextroverse writing separated by a horizontal line. The lower line continues to the right side of the block. It is thought that the inscription might have continued on a neighboring stone.  
- [Üyücek Phrygian Inscription](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/uyucek/): Inscription B-04The marble block with an inscription was found in 1926 in the village of Üyücek near Tavşanlı, Kütahya. The slab was reused in a wall of a village house. There are rough engravings of a lion and two animals (possibly deer) on the upper part of the stone and a 7-line Old Phrygian inscription on the lower part. All the lines are written sinistroverse. The first two lines are almost illegible, and the parts of the other lines, particularly at the edges of the stone, are quite worn. Today the whereabouts of the stone is unknown. There is only a photo and a paper squeeze, which were taken by Cox and Cameron, who found the stone. 
- [Seyitömer Phrygian Inscription](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/seyitomer/): Inscription W-12The inscription is on a stone slab that was found in 2010 during the excavations in Seyitömer Höyük near Kütahya. The two-line inscription is written sinistroverse. Dated to the early 4th century BCE. 
- [Soğukçam (Germanos)](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/sogukcam/): This small niche with an inscription is located 2 km south of the Soğukçam (ancient Germanos) village in the Göynük township of Bolu province. It was built on a conical rock locally known as Türbeönü or Yazılıkaya. The triangle-shaped niche is 60 cm in height and has an engraved frame around it. There was a 9-line Old Phrygian inscription (B‑01) under the niche. This monument was largely destroyed by treasure hunters in 2017. The inscription is completely destroyed, and the niche is partially damaged.There is another Old Phrygian rock inscription (B‑08) found in 2003 a few hundred meters away from the Germanos B-01 inscription.
- [Deliklitaş](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/deliklitas/): Deliklitaş Monument is located on the Harmancık road near Köprücek village, 13 km west of Tavşanlı in Kütahya province. It was built on the southeastern face of a 15 meter-high rock, just north of the road. It was found in 1836 by W. J. Hamilton, but the first detailed examination was done in 1861 by G. Perrot. It is a shaft monument like Maltaş, Değirmen Yeri, and Bahşayiş monuments. It is the westernmost of the Phrygian rock façades and the only one located outside the Phrygian highlands. Its façade architecture is the largest of all Phrygian monuments. The niche structure under the monument is similar to those of Maltaş and Midas monuments. Particularly the lower part of the niche is highly weathered and eroded. The monument is dated to the first quarter of the 6th century BCE.
- [Germanos (Soğukçam) Phrygian Inscriptions](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/germanos-inscriptions/): Inscription B-08It is a few hundred meters away from the Germanos B-01 inscription. It has a very similar style to the B-01 inscription and the geograpical positions of the rocks raise the possibility that they got separated due to an earthquake. Yet, unlike the B-01 that face southeast, B-08 faces northeast and thus has been weathered much more than B-01 by the strong norhern winds and rains. A long crack divides the inscription into two parts. There are 4 lines are at the top and probably 5 lines at the bottom. All lines are written in sinistroverse.
- [Kalehisar (Karahisar) Phrygian Inscription](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/kalehisar-inscription/): Inscription P-06 on the Kalehisar AltarThe two-line inscription is on the vertical side of the third step. The upper line is written dextroverse, and the lower one is sinistroverse. The surface of the stone is highly eroded and covered with lichen.
- [Kalehisar (Karahisar)](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/kalehisar/): It is an altar located on Kalehisar (or Karahisar) Hill, 4 km north of Alacahöyük, Çorum. The altar consists of two parts. The higher section on the right has stylized idols and four steps. The two lion reliefs sitting on the third step are quite eroded. Their heads are completely destroyed. On the vertical side of the third step is a two-line Old Phrygian inscription (P‑06). The left side of the monument is slightly lower. It is arranged like a bench with 4.2 x 1.5 m dimensions. The rock behind the bench was worked as a backrest. On the upper part of this, there are two lion sculptures carved on two separate bases. Their heads are completely destroyed, and only the bodies are preserved.
- [Kerkenes](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/kerkenes/): The settlement was founded by the Phrygians in the 7th century on the Kerkenes Mountain to the northwest of the Şahmuratlı village in the Sorgun district of Yozgat. The first surveys began in 1993, and since 2001 excavations and surveys have been ongoing under the direction of Geoffrey D. Summers. The city walls, about 7 kilometers long, surround a settlement area of 2.5 square kilometers. It is likely that this is the city that was recorded as Pteria in ancient sources. The same sources indicate that Pteria was completely destroyed by the Lydian King Croesus during the campaign against the Persians around 540 BCE. Findings from Kerkenes excavations confirm that the city was destroyed by a huge fire. It is estimated to have had a population of at least 30 thousand people at its peak. There was no settlement in the city after the Phrygian period.
- [Boğazkale (Boğazköy)](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/bogazkale/): Hattusa (Boğazkale, formerly Boğazköy), the capital of the Hittites, was used as a Phrygian settlement in the Iron Age. The most important monument found in Boğazkale regarding the Phrygian period is a mother goddess Matar statue. It was found in 1957 during the excavations at the southeast gate of the citadel at Büyükkale in Boğazkale. The statue, which was found lying under the wall debris, must have been standing in a niche on the city wall. There are two smaller human figures on both sides of the goddess, one playing a double flute and the other playing a lyre. The statue is 1.26 m in height. The niche in which it originally stood is estimated to be approximately 6 x 5 m in size and had a pitched roof. The statue is currently on display in the Anatolian Civilizations Museum in Ankara.About 40 m north of the niche location, there is an idol relief made on a stone block at the ground level of the wall. 
- [Faharet Çeşme Twin Idol](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/faharet/): The twin idol stele was found as reused in a fountain called Faharet Çeşme (Faharet Fountain) near Yukarı Yurtçu Village in Ankara. It was first noticed in 1926 by H. H. von der Osten. It was removed from the fountain and carried to the Ankara Anatolian Civilizations Museum in 2018.
- [Kerkenes Phrygian Inscription](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/kerkenes-inscription/): References:Draycott, C. M., G. D. Summers, & C. Brixhe. 2008, Kerkenes Special Studies 1: Sculpture and Inscriptions from the Monumental Entrance to the Palatial Complex at Kerkenes Dağ, Turkey (Oriental Institute Publication 135). Chicago.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Idol of Sincan](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/sincan/): It is a twin idol embossed on an andesite rock. It was found in 1999 by the villagers near Tatlar village in Sincan, Ankara and currently in Anatolian Civilizations Museum in Ankara. (108 x 67 x 42 cm).
- [Gordion (Yassıhöyük)](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/gordion/): The city of Gordion, capital of the Phrygian Kingdom, is located 94 km west of Ankara, next to Yassıhöyük village, 29 km northwest of Polatlı. Findings obtained from the excavations show that there was a settlement in Gordion before the Phrygian Period since the Early Bronze Age. However, the city showed its great development as the capital of the Phrygians in the 9th century BCE, and after the Phrygian period, the settlement continued until the 14th century CE. The Gordion mound, which covers an area of approximately 13.5 acres, is located right on the river Sakarya (Sangarios). The mound was first discovered and studied by the brothers Gustav and Alfred Körte in 1900, and since 1950 excavations have been carried out almost uninterruptedly by Rodney Young, Keith DeVries, Mary Voigt, Kenneth Sams, and currently Brian Rose. The site has also yielded the richest finds in terms of Old Phrygian inscriptions (see Gordion Inscriptions) thanks to the excavations conducted here. The artifacts are exhibited in museums in Gordion, Istanbul, and Ankara.
- [Dümrek Altars](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/dumrek/): There are a dozen rock altars identified at the site known as Kalebaşı, 1 km east of Dümrek village in Mihalıççık district of Eskişehir. The site is located on a high rocky plateau extending from the west to the east towards the Sakarya River. The monuments are built at close distances to each other. Apart from these altars, there are no rock monuments on the plateau. A Phrygian settlement could not be identified at the site, which is approximately 23 km northwest of Gordion. Therefore, it is believed that this place was mostly used as a sacred cult area. Dating to the 9th or 8th century BCE, these altars are some of the earliest Phrygian monuments, along with those in Midas City.
- [Karacakaya (Gelinkız) Rock Tomb](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/karacakaya/): The Phrygian rock-cut tomb is located on a hill called Çaltepe near the village of Karacakaya in Dümrek town of Eskişehir-Sivrihisar, where there are plenty of marble quarries. The tomb was carved into a hard marble layer. The locals name it the 'Gelinkız' (Bride Girl) tomb. It is a single-chamber tomb with a pitched roof and a triangular pediment. It has two klinai. Unlike the typical Phrygian tombs that are cut into the steep surfaces of high rocks, it was carved into a rock mass below ground level. There are very few other examples of this type of Phrygian tombs. Furthermore, the high relief made on one of the walls inside the chamber makes this tomb unique. It shows a horse rider and a footman holding a spear. Large cracks on the tomb wall have caused serious damage to the lower section of the relief. The tomb was first identified and published by T. Tüfekçi-Sivas, who suggests a date in the mid-6th century BCE. 
- [Phrygian Inscriptions of Gordion](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/gordion-inscriptions/): The Phrygian capital city Gordion yielded the richest finds in terms of Old Phrygian inscriptions thanks to the excavations conducted here. Although there are no rock inscriptions due to the unsuitable nature of the site, many inscriptions were found on stone blocks and sherds. 11 stone inscriptions are shared below.
- [Zey Köyü](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/zeykoyu/): Zey village is located on a rocky slope on the northern skirts of the Sivrihisar Mountains. About 1 km south of the village, on two sides of a narrow rocky valley, there are twelve Phrygian chamber tombs and two stepped altars carved into the high parts of the rock masses. Zey Kale, 1 km south of this area, was a Phrygian settlement.
- [Tekören](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/tekoren/): It is a stepped altar located on the rocky area about 150 m northeast of Tekören village in Sivrihisar township of Eskişehir. Tekören village is located 7.5 km north of the city of Pessinus, an ancient Phrygian settlement. The altar has a stylized idol and three steps. The upper part is partially eroded. The idol is 40 cm high, and there are armrest-shaped protrusions on both its sides. There is a Phrygian rock tomb about 50 m south of the altar and two side-by-side carved rock basins possibly for grape crushing about 13 m northeast. 
- [Kuzören (Tavuk Pınarı)](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/kuzoren/): The monument is located about 1 km southwest of Kuzören village in the Günyüzü district of Eskişehir, in a place called Bel Mevkii Tavuk Pınarı at the foothills of Arayıt Mountain. The façade is carved on a rock block. It has a triangular pediment and a pitched roof and is 1.25 m high and 1.2 m wide. Roughly half of the monument, including the head of the goddess relief in the niche and the upper part of the body was destroyed by treasure hunters. The broken parts, including the roof and some of the embossed pieces of the façade wall, are still visible around the rock. There are traces of the high polo on the head of the goddess, as well as the outer contours of her long dress, the pleated skirt with a parallel vertical groove, and the toes protruding out from under the skirt.
- [Dorylaion (Şarhöyük) Phrygian Inscriptions](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/dorylaion/): Dorylaion is an ancient Phrygian settlement that remains in the Eskişehir city center today. Almost all of the inscriptions found are graffiti incised on sherds (few containing more than a letter). Only two stone inscriptions (NW-01 and NW-02) have been found. All inscriptions are dated to the Late Phrygian period.
- [Balkayası (Böğürtlen)](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/balkayasi/): It is a small façade on a rock called Balkayası near the village of Böğürtlen, 7 km north of Sivrihisar, Eskişehir. The façade engraved on a flat rock surface is approximately 2 m high and 1.5 m wide. Traces of red paint are still visible on the roof beams and niche frame. The niche is not too deep. According to some researchers, it is an incomplete monument. It probably dates to the 6th to 4th centuries BCE in Late Phrygian period. 
- [Gümüşbel Phrygian Inscription](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/gumusbel-inscription/): Inscription W-14It is a 4-line Old Phrygian inscription. The first line of the inscription is written sinistroverse (right to left) above the idol figures on the stele. The other three lines are below the figures and are written boustrophedon, starting sinistroverse. In part II, "imanmeutermos" is identified as a separate part/sentence and translated as "my monument is a boundary stone."
- [Gümüşbel Idol](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/gumusbel/): It was found in 2019 at the southeastern slopes of a mound named Eski Cami, about 1 km southeast of Gümüşbel village of Seyitgazi-Eskişehir. The idol-shaped stele is made of tuff stone and has a 4-line Old Phrygian inscription (W‑14). There are three heads and long bodies(?) carved on the stele. It may indicate that the Mother Goddess is depicted together with companion gods. The first line of the inscription is written above the figures, and the other three lines are below them. Some clues from the inscription are interpreted to suggest that the stele was used as a boundary stone. The stele is exhibited in the Eskişehir Archaeological Museum.
- [Keskaya (Çatalkaya)](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/keskaya/): There are two small façades and one idol in Keskaya (Çatalkaya), a Phrygian settlement, 1.5 km west of the Karaalan village of Eskişehir. It takes its name (Kes-kaya means cut-rock, Çatal-kaya means fork-rock) from the rock mass located in the region that is cut open like a groove from above. It is located on the rocky hill overlooking the Porsuk Stream.
- [Sülün](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/sulun/): The small façade with a pitched roof and a triangular pediment is found near the Sülün town of Afyonkarahisar province. It is carved on a rock mass on a steep slope. The monument is relatively well preserved except for some minor destruction within its rectangular niche.  
- [Deliktaş](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/deliktas/): It is a small Phrygian fortress about 1.5 km north of the İnlice locality of Ovacık village in Kütahya. Its central location on the mountain range (i.e., the "Long Range" of Haspels) that divides the mountainous Phrygia in half was very strategic for communicating with other fortresses by sign. Even the Midas Kale is visible from Deliktaş Kale.A simple oval niche is located on the west side of the steps at the south entrance of the fort. On the back wall of the niche, there was a mother goddess figure that has been completely destroyed by treasure hunters. Today only its traces on the wall are visible.
- [Fındık Valley and Asar Kale](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/findik/): Fındık is a large Phrygian settlement located near Fındık village, about 25 km northeast of Kütahya. It is one of the most noticeable Phrygian sites in the highlands region, together with Göynüş and Yazılıkaya. It is situated in a narrow valley, on a small stream that flows north into a tributary of Porsuk. The northern part of the site is occupied by the kale, called Fındık Asar Kale (or Kaya). It is a large fortress built on a rocky elevation in a narrow valley at the south of Fındık village. The fortress can be reached by two separate stairs, one on the south and the other on the west side of the plateau. There are traces of numerous structures inside the kale, as well as many façades, niches, altars, and rock tombs scattered around the fortress and the valley.
- [Alanyurt Phrygian Inscription](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/alanyurt/): Inscription MPhr-01 (Brixhe W-11)The white marble funerary stele with an 8-line Phrygian inscription was found by T. Drew-Bear in a field in the village of Alanyurt (17 km north of the ancient city of Dokimeion) in Afyonkarahisar. Unlike all other Old Phrygian inscriptions, which use the epichoric Old Phrygian alphabet, this inscription is written in the Greek alphabet, which is used in all Neo Phrygian inscriptions. However, all known Neo Phrygian inscriptions date to between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE, whereas this inscription is dated to the end of the 4th century BCE. Brixhe enumerates this inscription as W-11 along with the Old Phrygian inscriptions, while Obrador-Cursach enumerates it MPhr-01 as the first and so far the only example of the Middle Phrygian period. The entire text constitutes a 6-line poem, and colons are used to separate verses rather than words. The transliteration below is organized into 6 verses (Lubotsky, 2017).
- [Berberini Phrygian Inscription](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/berberini-inscription/): References:Brixhe, C. & M. Lejeune. 1984. Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes, Paris.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Burmeç](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/burmec/): Burmeç rock façade is in a location called Çiçeklikonak Rocks, 2.6 km north of Bayramaliler village in İhsaniye district of Afyonkarahisar. The monument was first discovered by W. M. Ramsay in 1884. It was named Burmeç by Haspels after a nearby fountain with the same name. The local people call it Muskalı (a triangle‑shaped amulet) Rock due to its shape. The incomplete façade has only its pitched roof carved on a 15 m high tuff rock. Previous researchers mentioned two opposing sphinx reliefs that were barely visible on the pediment. There are no traces of them today. The middle section of the pediment was detonated by treasure hunters. It is dated to the mid-6th century BCE. 
- [Phrygian Fortresses of Yazılıkaya Valley](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/yazilikaya/): There are four fortresses located on the high hills to the north and northeast of Midas City and Yazılıkaya Valley. They were built to protect the Midas City as well as the Phrygian settlements around it. The northernmost Akpara Kale also controls the Doğanlı Valley to the east. The other three fortresses, Gökgöz, Pişmiş, and Kocabaş, form the northeastern border of the Phrygian Highlands.
- [Karababa Valley](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/karababa/): Değirmen Yeri MonumentThis monument unfortunately no longer exists. It was discovered by Haspels in Karababa Valley in Kayıhan town of Afyonkarahisar province in 1950. Haspels identified two rock blocks with monumental decoration above the ground in the location called Değirmen Yeri (Mill Site), just south of Karababa Tekke. The area around the monument was cleaned and excavated. All drawings and photographs of Haspels are from that period. During the subsequent visits to the region, the location of the monument could not be found. From the statements of Haspels, it is understood that the Afyon-Eskişehir highway, the construction of which was started around that time, passed over the monument. Today, this road passes right by Karababa Tekke. It is believed that the monument is under the road or it was destroyed during the road works.The monument had been heavily damaged even when it was discovered by Haspels. Architecturally, it was a great façade as well as a shaft monument such as Maltaş, Deliklitaş, and Bahşayiş. However, unlike any Phrygian monument, it had a unique bordered courtyard that surrounded it on four sides.Geometric patterns decorated the façade as well as the inner and outer sides of the courtyard walls. The niche on the façade is half a meter high from the courtyard floor. There is a 35 cm wide hole on the back side of the niche wall that connects it to the shaft. Two square-shaped 8 cm wide small holes on the right and left of the upper part of the niche that also led to the shaft appear to be original. It is likely that the central hole was originally also a small one but widened by treasure seekers. This monument led researchers to think that in other shaft monuments too, the original holes were much smaller and were widened in later periods by treasure seekers. Berndt-Ersöz (1998) suggests that these shaft monuments might have been used for divination purposes by priests who would hide in the shaft and speak for the deity through the small holes.The slots on the courtyard walls may have been used for a wooden structure that covered the roof of the courtyard. The main entrance of the courtyard is on the front wall facing the façade. However, on the right and left walls, there are also openings of 1 m and 36 cm wide, respectively. The wide groove that runs on the courtyard floor from the right wall to the left and continuing outside may have been added in later periods. The monument is dated to the first half of the 6th century BCE.
- [Döğer Valley](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/doger/): Döğer Valley, located 40 km north of Afyonkarahisar and 10 km northwest of Göynüş Valley, is a residential area used extensively by Phrygians. There are many Phrygian fortresses around the valley along with several monumental façades such as Aslankaya, Burmeç, Büyük Kapıkaya, and Küçük Kapıkaya. The vast majority of the monuments are located around Emre Lake to the east of the valley.
- [Alaçan Rock Idol](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/alacan/): It was discovered during surveys in a place called Alaçan at Harlık locality, 3.6 km west of Midas Kale, in 2018. It is a single rock idol found on an east-facing rock. The idol made in low relief consists of a single head and body. The head sits directly on the body. There is no neck or shoulder detail. The vertical lines made on both sides of the body remind of the symbolic arm detail. Similarly, there are double rows of deeply incised lines around the head, interpreted as symbolic hair. Such hair detailed idols in Midas City (A2, A28, and A29) and Sincan. The upper part of the head has been destroyed. There is a 40 cm wide narrow platform in front of the idol, which was probably created to be used for offering purposes.
- [Kümbet Valley](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/kumbet/): Kümbet Valley is located approximately 70 km south of Eskişehir and 8 km west of Midas City and stretches for 6 km from northwest to southeast. The valley is almost at the center of the Phrygian highlands. Kümbet village within the valley is the location of an old Phrygian settlement.
- [Karkamış Phrygian Inscription](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/karkamis/): Inscription HP-01The inscription was first noticed by P. Meriggi on a stone fragment in Karkamış among the orthostat fragments, but it was first published by Börker-Klahn in 1994. It is a one-word (six-letter) Old Phrygian inscription that is written sinistroverse. The orthostat fragment is dated to 850 BCE, but the inscription has been dated to a later time, possibly in the last quarter of the 8th century BCE. The inscription was first noticed by P. Meriggi on a stone fragment in Karkamış among the orthostat fragments, but it was first published by Börker-Klahn in 1994. It is a one-word (six-letter) Old Phrygian inscription that is written sinistroverse. The orthostat fragment is dated to 850 BCE, but the inscription has been dated to a later time possibly in the last quarter of the 8th century BCE.  
- [Menekşe Kayalar Phrygian Inscriptions](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/menekse-inscriptions/): References:Berndt, D. 2019. 'Midas City in Phrygia: Small Horizontal Reliefs Between Idols and Step Monuments', in Phrygia in Antiquity: From the Bronze Age to the Byzantine Period, ed. G. R. Tsetskhladze, Colloquia Antiqua 24, 501-524.Brixhe, C. & T. Tüfekçi-Sivas. 2002. 'Dédicace paléo-phrygienne inédite (Menekşekaya/Demirli)', Kadmos 41, 103–116.Brixhe, C. & T. Tüfekçi-Sivas. 2003. 'Exploration de l'ouest de la Phrygie: nouveaux documents Paleo-Phrygiens', Kadmos 42, 65-76.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Midas Monument Inscriptions (M-01) ](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/m01/): References:Brixhe, C. & M. Lejeune. 1984. Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes, Paris.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Inscription M-03](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/m03/): References:Brixhe, C. & M. Lejeune. 1984. Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes, Paris.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Inscription M-02 on King’s Road](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/m02/): References:Brixhe, C. & M. Lejeune. 1984. Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes, Paris.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Inscription M-05](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/m05/): References:Brixhe, C. & M. Lejeune. 1984. Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes, Paris.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Inscription M-04 on the Throne Monument](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/m04/): References:Brixhe, C. & M. Lejeune. 1984. Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes, Paris.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Inscription M-06](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/m06/): References:Brixhe, C. & M. Lejeune. 1984. Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes, Paris.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Inscription M-08](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/m08/): References:Brixhe, C. & M. Lejeune. 1984. Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes, Paris.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Inscription M-07](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/m07/): References:Brixhe, C. & M. Lejeune. 1984. Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes, Paris.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Inscription M-09](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/m09/): References:Brixhe, C. & M. Lejeune. 1984. Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes, Paris.Calder, W. M. 1926. 'Corpus Inscriptionum Neo-Phrygiarum III', The Journal of Hellenic Studies 46, 22-28Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Inscription M-10](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/m10/): References:Brixhe, C. & M. Lejeune. 1984. Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes, Paris.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Inscription M-11](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/m11/): References:Brixhe, C. & Tüfekçi-Sivas, T. 2003. 'Exploration de l'ouest de la Phrygie: nouveaux documents Paleo-Phrygiens', Kadmos 42, 65-76.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Areyastis Phrygian Inscriptions](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/areyastis-inscriptions/): References:Brixhe, C. & M. Lejeune. 1984. Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes, Paris.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Göynüş Valley Phrygian Inscriptions](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/goynus-inscriptions/): References:Brixhe, C. & M. Lejeune. 1984. Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes, Paris.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Fındık Valley Phrygian Inscriptions](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/findik-inscriptions/): References:Brixhe, C. & M. Lejeune. 1984. Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes, Paris.Obrador-Cursach, B. 2018. Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions, Thesis, Barcelona.
- [Çepni Phrygian Inscriptions](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/cepni/): Three Old Phrygian inscriptions were found in 1982 near the Çepni village of Ayfonkarahisar by Thomas Drew-Bear on three separate rocks in close proximity. All the inscriptions are shallowly engraved. 
- [Tyana (Kemerhisar) Phrygian Inscriptions](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/tyana/): Since the end of the 19th century, several Old Phrygian inscriptions have been found in Kemerhisar by various researchers. The inscribed fragments are treated under three separate groups (T-01, T-02, and T-03). All fragments are made of the same black basalt stone and thus all might belong to the same monument, but so far no supporting evidence has been found. All have been dated to the late 8th century BCE.
- [Doğanlı Valley](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/doganli/): Doğanlı Kale and Deveboynu Kale are two fortresses located on a rocky plateau, approximately 1.5 km northwest of Çukurca village in the valley, quite high from the valley floor. Deveboynu Kale is situated on the edge of a rocky slope. There are two typical Phrygian rock tombs on the northwest side of the rock. Doğanlı Kale was built on a single rock that lies about 50 m west of Deveboynu Kale. Almost all of the seven floors carved into the rock belong to the Byzantine period. It looks like a typical Byzantine castle, but it is believed that the site was already in use during the Phrygian period on account of its strategic location controlling the valley.
- [Göynüş (former Köhnüş) Valley](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/goynus/): Göynüş Valley, full of volcanic tuff rocks, extends in the north-south direction near Kayıhan town in the district of İhsaniye in Afyonkarahisar. The area was a Phrygian settlement, and there are many rock tombs, façades, niches, and altars built on tuff rocks.
- [Midas City](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/midascity/): It is located at the southern end of Yazılıkaya Valley, just west of Yazılıkaya village. It was built on a plateau, which consists of high and steep tuff rocks. The four fortresses, Akpara Kale, Pişmiş Kale, Gökgöz Kale, and Kocabaş Kale, which are located on northern and eastern hills, protect the Phrygian settlement by controlling the roads reaching the valley from the east and north. The Midas City plateau is about 650 m long and 320 m wide. The height from the ground level of the valley is about 60–70 m. The plateau is surrounded by rocks like a natural wall. In the Phrygian period, it is suspected that there were walls on top and between the gaps of the rocks that surrounded the plateau, but today there are almost no remnants of the walls. The main entrance of the city is in the east direction. The ramped road that ascends the plateau is carved on the bedrock and is referred to as King's Road. There are some reliefs carved on rock walls alongside the road. The most important structures on the plateau are the monumental rock-cut stepped altars, two rock tunnels covered with vaults, and cisterns carved into the rock on the lower terrace in the southwest direction. In the steep volcanic rocks surrounding the settlement, there are many chamber tombs and cult structures consisting of monumental scale façades, stepped altars, and niches. The settlement had been upgraded to a privileged location in Phrygia, equipped with religious monuments, many of which are the largest of their counterparts in the region. This shows that Midas City was almost a religious metropolis of the region and was a sacred location. For the Phrygians, the capital city Gordion was the most powerful political center of the state, and Midas City was probably the most important cultic center. After the political collapse of the kingdom, Midas City was not abandoned, and Phrygian rock structures continued to be used with some additions and changes during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.
- [Demirli – Menekşe Kayalar](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/demirli/): Façade and NicheIt is a small façade carved on a pointy rock, 200 m northeast of the Menekşe Kayalar (Violet Rocks), 500 m south of Demirli village of İhsaniye district of Afyonkarahisar. It was discovered by T. Tüfekçi-Sivas in 1995. The façade is built on the northeastern face of the rock and is quite weathered. Only its contours are visible.About 100 m southeast of this façade, there is a rectangular-shaped niche carved on a rock wall. A simple gable is incised above the niche. On the roughly flat top of this rock block, there is a large hole with an overflow channel that directs just above the niche. Nearby, there are further rock-cut hollows with overflow channels.
- [Aslankaya Phrygian Inscription](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/aslankaya-inscription/): Inscription W-03The inscription was engraved on the main beam under the pediment of the Aslankaya façade. It was written dextroverse (from right to left) but is hardly visible due to heavy weathering.  
- [Gökçegüney (Tonra)](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/gokceguney/): The small Phrygian façade of Gökçegüney no longer exists. According to the information provided by A. Gabriel and E. Haspels, it used to be on the western slope of the rocky hill called Nızıllı Tepe, west of the village road between Gökçegüney (old name Tonra) and Yazılıkaya villages. The monument is called "Tonra Patlak" in old references. The first mention of the monument is by Gabriel, but Haspels made its detailed examination and drawings in the 1960s. The rock façade was completely destroyed in the following years. It was a small (h: 0.62 m x w: 0.72 m) façade on a 4.5 m high rock. On the pediment, undecorated rafters, tie beams, and a king post were visible. The acroter was formed by two opposing circles, but only the contours were clear. There was a 34 cm high narrow niche with a hollow bottom, most likely used to place a statue of the mother goddess. 
- [Dübecik Kale](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/dubecik/): Dübecik Kale is a small watchtower or outpost located 10 km south-southeast of Yapıldak Asar Kale, on a rock plateau surrounded by forested hills. There are several tombs from Phrygian and Roman periods carved into the rocks. The two-room tomb (D-F) on the west side was created by combining two separate burial chambers, with their entrances on the north and south sides of the rock, respectively. The one on the north face was probably built during the Phrygian period, and the second one was added later, in the Roman period. Another Phrygian tomb (G) is located in the middle of the north face of the rock. The tomb chambers were built with a pitched roof in the form of a typical Phrygian house. These tombs were reprocessed and used in the Roman period. 
- [Areyastis (Arezastis)](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/areyastis/): Areyastis Monument is a large Phrygian façade located 1.7 km north of Yazılıkaya village, on one of the rocks about 130 m away from the road between Yazılıkaya and Çukurca. Across the road to the east, Phrygian fortresses Gökgöz Kale and Pişmiş Kale are located on round top rock plateaus. The name of the monument was given because of the word "Areyastin" written in the Phrygian inscription on it. (The plain form of the word is Areyastis. It is thought to be an adjective used for the mother goddess Matar. Some researchers have adopted the reading of Arezastis). Locally, it is also known as Küçük (Small) Yazılıkaya or Hasanbey Rock. It is the best preserved of the Phrygian monumental façades. Although it was first noticed by L. de Laborde in 1826, Texier was the person who gave a detailed description and produced an engraving of the monument in 1834. The monument is 5.50 m high and 4.20 m wide. Its roof has a triangular pediment with an akroterion in the shape of two semicircles. There are rectangular frame reliefs on each side of the king post in the pediment. The nearly square-shaped façade wall is surrounded by two embossed frames. The frames are decorated with an array of ornaments consisting of square panels placed at regular intervals. Unlike classical façade architecture that places the niche at the bottom, here is a small niche just below the upper frame. The absence of a classical niche and the lack of decoration on the left side of the façade suggest that this monument was left unfinished. There are three Old Phrygian inscriptions (W‑01) on the monument. The monument is dated to c. 550 BCE.
- [Büyük Kapıkaya](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/buyukkapikaya/): Büyük Kapıkaya (Big Gaterock) Monument is a Phrygian façade located 6 km southeast of Döğer town in Afyonkarahisar and 1.8 km southeast of the Aslankaya Monument. It is on a rock outcrop about 50 m north of Döğer - Üçlerkayası road. The flattened front face of the rock, where the niche is located, is decorated with geometric patterns that can only be seen in suitable light because of weathering. In comparison to other façades, it lacks a pediment, but an akroterion is visible above the niche. Due to these decorations on the façade, locally it is called Halılı Kaya (Carpeted Rock). The monument was seriously damaged by treasure hunters in 1996. The goddess relief in the middle of the niche was detonated with dynamite, and a large hole was dug into the rock.There is a 7-step altar about 15 m northwest of the monument, although most of the steps are eroded. The combination of the façade and altar suggests that this place was used as a sacred location. Büyük Kapıkaya monument is dated to the second half of the 6th century BCE; the altar may be older.
- [Kırkinler](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/kirkinler/): The Phrygian rock niche was discovered in the Kırkinler locality, near the Seydiler village of İscehisar town. It is located in a rocky site on the upper part of a Byzantine rock church on a steep rock mass. There was a female relief (possibly mother goddess Matar) in a rectangular shallow niche on the side of a steep and high rock stair leading to the top of the rock spaces. The upper part of the niche and relief is destroyed by treasure hunters, possibly around the 2010s. There was a second relief of a woman in a small niche 10 m north of the first one. The woman was depicted from the front with her high polos and long clothes. Unfortunately, this second relief is also completely destroyed by treasure hunters.
- [Bahşayiş](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/bahsayis/): Bahşayiş Monument is a Phrygian façade located on the rocky slope on the west bank of the Kocadere stream, 1 km southwest of Gökbahçe village in the Seyitgazi district of Eskişehir. It was first discovered in 1837 by J. R. Steuart. The monument takes this name from the old name of Gökbahçe village. The locals call it the Bahşiş (Tipping) Fountain despite the fact that it is not a fountain. Indeed, the monument looks more like a three-dimensional building than a façade when viewed from the side with its slightly outwardly gable roof and side walls. Bahşayiş façade is a shaft monument like the Maltaş, Değirmen Yeri, and Deliklitaş monuments. The shaft is 4.5 m deep. The decorations on the lower part of the façade wall and the floor of the niche gate are quite worn out. Deep cracks starting from the bedrock split the monument horizontally into two parts. On the same slope, 10 m southeast of the monument, there are two other carved large rock blocks with their carefully flattened surfaces. Their three-dimensional shapes are similar to Bahşayiş Monument. The work on them appears to have been left incomplete. There are also some rock-cut steps in the rock behind one of the blocks. Bahşayiş Monuments is estimated to date to the Late Phrygian period (550-300 BCE).
- [Kilise Façade](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/kilise/): Kilise façade monument is located on the rocky hill overlooking Porsuk Stream, 2.8 km west of Yenisofça village, and 25 km southwest of the city of Eskişehir. There are rock-cut tombs on the same rock that were used in the Phrygian and Hellenistic periods. It is named Kilise (church) by the locals because of the crosses engraved on these tomb chambers. It was discovered by A. Körte during surveys conducted between 1894 and 1895. The façade monument is highly weathered and eroded. Only the roof and the niche parts are visible today. Furthermore, there is a hole in the middle of the akroterion opened by treasure seekers.
- [Aslankaya](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/aslankaya/): Aslankaya is a large Phrygian rock façade and is located 4 km southeast of the town of Döğer in the İhsaniye district of Afyonkarahisar. It was built on a single rock mass to the west of Döğer - Üçlerkayası road, about 1.3 km east of the Küçük Kapıkaya monument. The monument was discovered in 1884 by W. M. Ramsay. The side faces of the pointy rock block were cut and leveled. The monument takes its name from the relief of a lion on its hind legs, looking towards the front, on the right side of the rock (Aslankaya-Lionrock). On the left side is the depiction of a four-legged animal in a much smaller size than the lion. Due to damage, it is difficult to identify the animal; different researchers describe it as a lion, griffon, or sphinx.Two winged sphinxes are depicted symmetrically on both sides of the central pillar on the roof. There is an Old Phrygian inscription (W‑03) on the main beam. Due to weathering, the inscription is hardly readable. The main façade under the roof is decorated with geometric patterns. Inside the niche on the left and right walls, there are the reliefs of two doors that give the appearance of two open door wings. The door shafts and the bolt on the right wing indicate that they were modeled like wooden doors. The high relief sculpture in the middle of the niche is most probably a mother goddess Matar depiction. There are lion reliefs on both sides of the mother goddess.The reliefs made on tuff rock are cut off at the sandstone layer at the bottom of the monument. This layer, which is softer and less durable than tuff, has eroded over time, forming a horizontal hollow under the monument. In its current form, the monument remains 3 m high from the ground. According to Haspels, the lower part of the monument was left unfinished. Tüfekçi-Sivas propose that the eroded sandstone layer may have had, originally, a stair structure in front of the monument.Aslankaya has a special place among the Phrygian rock façades with its unique door design and rich reliefs. Unfortunately, the destruction done by treasure hunters is much more than the erosion caused by the weather. The relief of the mother goddess, the right part of the niche frame, and part of the façade wall were damaged by blasting with dynamite.The monument is dated to the mid-6th century BCE.
- [Küçük Kapıkaya](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/kucukkapikaya/): The façade is 2.7 km southeast of Döğer town in the İhsaniye district of Afyonkarahisar. It is carved on one of the rock masses about 300 m from the road between Döğer and Üçlerkayası village. Another Phrygian monument, Aslankaya, is located on the same road, 1.3 km ahead in the Üçlerkayası direction.Küçük Kapıkaya (Small Gaterock) monument was discovered in 1896 by F. von Reber. The façade is carved on the north side of the rock. Its rectangular niche contains a mother goddess relief. The monuments suffered serious damage on multiple occasions by treasure hunters using dynamite. The broken piece of the roof and façade lies right next to the monument. The façade wall was completely cracked due to explosions. It is one of the most obvious examples of the damage caused by embarrassingly ignorant minds.The platform in front of the Küçük Kapıkaya façade is reached by three gradually expanding steps. Taking into account that the use of steps is one of the basic features of Phrygian altars, Tüfekçi-Sivas states that this monument combines the functions of both an altar and a façade. It is estimated to be from the Middle Phrygian II period (600-550 BCE) or later.
- [Kumcaboğaz Kapıkaya](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/kumcabogaz/): There were two monuments, a small façade and a stepped altar in Kumcaboğaz. They were located to the south of Göynüş Valley in Afyonkarahisar, about 1250 m south of the Maltaş Monument. Kumcaboğaz façade, called Kapıkaya (Gaterock), was worked on one of the low-lying rock masses spread around. There is an altar right next to it on another rock. They were discovered in 1883 by W. M. Ramsay and J. R. S. Sterrett. The entire rock of the Kumcaboğaz façade was cut like a cube. The rock block of the façade was completely destroyed around 2019/2020 and is not visible today. Even before the destruction, the relief in the niche in the middle of the façade was quite worn out, and the upper part of the head and body was broken. However, it could be guessed that this was a mother goddess Matar figure since the traces of her polos were still visible. It has been reported by previous researchers that there was a small niche on the back. However, the location of this niche was probably expanded by treasure hunters, and there was only a large gutter left. The other rock just next to this façade is still standing and is carved in the shape of a two-stepped altar. Behind the top step, there is a base-shaped protrusion. The monuments are dated to the middle of the 6th century BCE.  

## Pages
- [Version History](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/version-history/): Version
Date
Changes 2.0
2025-01-12
The site layout is converted to WordPress. Resolutions increased for most images, and less disturbing watermarks are added. 1.14
2024‑11‑24
W03 Aslankaya inscription page is updated with a new reading proposal. 1.13
2024-10-28
Added new images in Ankara, Faharet Çeşme, and Tyana Inscriptions pages. Some image updates in Boğazkale, Dümrek, and Gordion Inscriptions pages. 1.12
2024-02-13
Added a new inscription (G-12) in the Gordion Inscriptions page. 1.11
2023-11-27
Added new monuments (A12, A13, A24a, A34, A35, A37, A38) in the Midas City page. Added catalog numbers of Dietrich Berndt for altars/idols of Midas City. Added new images for Göynüş Altar 1, Menekşe Kayalar Altar 2, and Keskaya Idol. 1.10
2023-05-11
A gallery-style image viewer is added for all pages. Some image resolutions have been increased in various pages. Added images (mostly drawings) in Kerkenes, Midas City, Göynüş, Fındık, Ankara, Bahşayiş, Aslankaya, Değirmen Yeri, and Boğazkale. 1.08
2022-05-28
Added and replaced images in Gordion, Ankara, and Alacahöyük. 1.07
2022-05-06
Added new images in Deliklitaş, Daskyleion, and Berberini. 1.06
2021-10-26
Added new images for Vezirhan Inscription. 1.05
2021-10-05
Added new images in Deliktaş, Dübecik, Dümrek, Gordion, Göynüş A3, Maltaş, Nallıkaya, Kalehisar, Kerkenes, Kırkinler, and Faharet Çeşme. Altars A4, A5, A6, and A7 in Dümrek are renumbered in accordance with the numbering of Tüfekçi-Sivas. Some info updates in Dümrek, Faharet Çeşme, Kırkinler, and Maltaş. 1.04
2021-05-08
Tumulus MM is added in Gordion page. J. H. Haynes photographs are added in Aslankaya, Areyastis, and Doğanlı pages. 1.03
2021-03-30
Added new inscription pages in the Inscription List Page and updated their locations on the main page map. Added a new image of the triple idol in Göynüş. 1.02
2021-01-23
Inscription pages are created with a list page. Added A16 under Midas City. Added a niche under Demirli. Added new images for Niche 1 and Altar 28 in Midas City, Maltaş, Bahşayiş, and Kerkenes. Minor info updates on various pages. 1.01
2021-01-01
Added a new site: Alaçan.
- [Monumental Old Phrygian Inscriptions](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/phrygian-inscriptions/): Below is a list of monumental Old Phrygian (Paleo Phrygian) inscriptions. The given classification numbers follow Obrador-Cursach's Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions. The inscriptions are described together with their drawings, transliterations, and, if available, suggested translations. Most of the transliterations and translations are based on the Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions. The list includes almost all of the inscriptions written on rock and detached stone monuments but does not include those written on smaller items such as sherds, metalware, seals, etc.
- [General Information about Phrygian Monuments](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/general-information/): The majority of the Phrygian monuments presented here are rock structures built for religious and cultic purposes. They were likely created to honor deities, especially the Phrygian mother goddess Matar, and to present votive offerings. Most of these monuments face eastward and can be categorized into three main groups: façades, niches, and altars/idols.
- [Home](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/): The Phrygian Monuments page is a digital humanities project aiming to provide visual references to the monuments of Phrygians, one of the Anatolian civilizations. The locations listed below are for the most part the sites of Phrygian rock monuments. For their classifications and terminologies, please refer to General Information. This is not a complete list, nor do the listed sites have complete information. As time permits, I will continue to provide updates. Comments, feedback, and information are appreciated. - Bora Bilgin (bora@bilgin.com)

## Categories
- [Phrygian Inscriptions](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/category/phrygian-inscriptions/)
- [Phrygian Monuments](https://www.phrygianmonuments.com/category/phrygian-monuments/)